{"description":"Every monarch from \u00c6thelstan (927), first king of all England, to the present \u2014 colour-coded by royal house \u2014 with the civil wars, battles, and the rise and fall of the empire alongside. From 1707 the crown is that of Great Britain, and from 1801 the United Kingdom.","format":"timeline-export/1","items":[{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First king of all England after taking York from the Danes.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":939},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":927},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"\u00c6thelstan","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Murdered at a feast at Pucklechurch.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":946},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":939},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Edmund I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Drove out Erik Bloodaxe, last Viking king of York.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":955},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":946},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Eadred","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":959},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":955},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Eadwig","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"His imperial coronation at Bath (973) set the pattern for all later coronations.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":975},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":959},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Edgar the Peaceful","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Murdered at Corfe Castle.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":978},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":975},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Edward the Martyr","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Reign interrupted 1013\u201314 when Sweyn Forkbeard seized the throne.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1016},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":978},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"\u00c6thelred II 'the Unready'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"King of Denmark; conquered England but died five weeks later.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1014},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1013},"tags":["House of Denmark"],"title":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Fought Cnut to a standstill, then died within months.","end":{"day":30,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1016},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":23,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1016},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Edmund II 'Ironside'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Ruled England, Denmark and Norway \u2014 a North Sea empire.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1035},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1016},"tags":["House of Denmark"],"title":"Cnut the Great","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1040},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1035},"tags":["House of Denmark"],"title":"Harold I 'Harefoot'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Died raising a toast at a wedding.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1042},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1040},"tags":["House of Denmark"],"title":"Harthacnut","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"His death without an heir triggered the succession crisis of 1066.","end":{"day":5,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1066},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1042},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Edward the Confessor","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Crowned in January, beat the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge in September, killed at Hastings in October.","end":{"day":14,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1066},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1066},"tags":["House of Wessex"],"title":"Harold II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Crowned on Christmas Day 1066 after victory at Hastings.","end":{"day":9,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1087},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":25,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1066},"tags":["House of Normandy"],"title":"William I 'the Conqueror'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest.","end":{"day":2,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1100},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":26,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1087},"tags":["House of Normandy"],"title":"William II 'Rufus'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"His only legitimate son drowned in the White Ship disaster (1120), leaving a disputed succession.","end":{"day":1,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1135},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":5,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1100},"tags":["House of Normandy"],"title":"Henry I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"House of Blois. His contested crown brought nineteen years of civil war \u2014 the Anarchy.","end":{"day":25,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1154},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":22,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1135},"tags":["House of Normandy"],"title":"Stephen","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First Plantagenet; ruled an empire from Scotland to the Pyrenees.","end":{"day":6,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1189},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":19,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1154},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Henry II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Spent barely six months of his reign in England; crusader and soldier.","end":{"day":6,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1199},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1189},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Richard I 'the Lionheart'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Lost Normandy; forced by his barons to seal Magna Carta.","end":{"day":19,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1216},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1199},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"John","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Fifty-six years on the throne; rebuilt Westminster Abbey.","end":{"day":16,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1272},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":28,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1216},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Henry III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Conquered Wales; 'Hammer of the Scots'.","end":{"day":7,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1307},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":20,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1272},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Edward I 'Longshanks'","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Defeated at Bannockburn; deposed by his wife Isabella and murdered.","end":{"day":25,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1327},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":8,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1307},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Edward II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Began the Hundred Years' War; his descendants fought the Wars of the Roses.","end":{"day":21,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1377},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":25,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1327},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Edward III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Faced down the Peasants' Revolt aged fourteen; deposed by Henry Bolingbroke.","end":{"day":29,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1399},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":22,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1377},"tags":["House of Plantagenet"],"title":"Richard II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First Lancastrian king; usurped his cousin Richard II.","end":{"day":20,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1413},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":30,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1399},"tags":["House of Lancaster"],"title":"Henry IV","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Victor of Agincourt; died of dysentery aged 35.","end":{"day":31,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1422},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":21,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1413},"tags":["House of Lancaster"],"title":"Henry V","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Crowned king of both England and France as an infant; his weak rule ignited the Wars of the Roses.","end":{"day":4,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1461},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":1,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1422},"tags":["House of Lancaster"],"title":"Henry VI","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First Yorkist king, victor of Towton.","end":{"day":3,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1470},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":4,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1461},"tags":["House of York"],"title":"Edward IV","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Briefly returned by Warwick 'the Kingmaker'.","end":{"day":11,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1471},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":3,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1470},"tags":["House of Lancaster"],"title":"Henry VI (restored)","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Recovered the throne at Barnet and Tewkesbury.","end":{"day":9,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1483},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":11,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1471},"tags":["House of York"],"title":"Edward IV (restored)","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"One of the Princes in the Tower; never crowned.","end":{"day":26,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1483},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":9,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1483},"tags":["House of York"],"title":"Edward V","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Killed at Bosworth \u2014 the last English king to die in battle.","end":{"day":22,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1485},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":26,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1483},"tags":["House of York"],"title":"Richard III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Won the crown at Bosworth; united Lancaster and York by marriage.","end":{"day":21,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1509},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":22,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1485},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Henry VII","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Six wives; broke with Rome and made himself head of the Church of England.","end":{"day":28,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1547},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":22,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1509},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Henry VIII","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The boy king; England turned firmly Protestant.","end":{"day":6,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1553},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":28,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1547},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Edward VI","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The Nine Days' Queen; executed the following year.","end":{"day":19,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1553},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":10,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1553},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Lady Jane Grey","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Restored Catholicism; 'Bloody Mary' to Protestant memory.","end":{"day":17,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1558},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":19,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1553},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Mary I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The Virgin Queen: the Armada, Shakespeare, and England's arrival as a sea power.","end":{"day":24,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1603},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":17,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1558},"tags":["House of Tudor"],"title":"Elizabeth I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Already James VI of Scotland \u2014 the Union of the Crowns.","end":{"day":27,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1625},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":24,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1603},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"James I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"His quarrel with Parliament ended in civil war and his own execution.","end":{"day":30,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1649},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":27,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1625},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"Charles I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Restored to the throne; the Merry Monarch of plague and fire years.","end":{"day":6,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1685},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":29,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1660},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"Charles II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"His Catholicism cost him the crown in the Glorious Revolution.","end":{"day":11,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1688},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1685},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"James II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Invited from the Netherlands; reigned jointly with Mary II.","end":{"day":8,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1702},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":13,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1689},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"William III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Joint sovereign with her husband William III.","end":{"day":28,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1694},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":13,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1689},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"Mary II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Under her the kingdoms of England and Scotland united as Great Britain (1707).","end":{"day":1,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1714},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":8,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1702},"tags":["House of Stuart"],"title":"Anne","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Brought in from Hanover; spoke little English.","end":{"day":11,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1727},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":1,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1714},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"George I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Last British king to lead troops in battle (Dettingen, 1743).","end":{"day":25,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1760},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":11,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1727},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"George II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Sixty years: lost America, fought Napoleon, succumbed to madness.","end":{"day":29,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1820},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":25,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1760},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"George III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The extravagant Regent; Brighton Pavilion.","end":{"day":26,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1830},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":29,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1820},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"George IV","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The Sailor King; the Great Reform Act passed under him.","end":{"day":20,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1837},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":26,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1830},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"William IV","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Empress of India; the empire at its height and an age named after her.","end":{"day":22,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1901},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":20,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1837},"tags":["House of Hanover"],"title":"Victoria","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The Edwardian age; 'uncle of Europe'.","end":{"day":6,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1910},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":22,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1901},"tags":["House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"],"title":"Edward VII","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Renamed the royal house Windsor in 1917, during the First World War.","end":{"day":20,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1936},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1910},"tags":["House of Windsor"],"title":"George V","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Abdicated within the year to marry Wallis Simpson.","end":{"day":11,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1936},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":20,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1936},"tags":["House of Windsor"],"title":"Edward VIII","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The reluctant wartime king.","end":{"day":6,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1952},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":11,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1936},"tags":["House of Windsor"],"title":"George VI","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Seventy years \u2014 the longest reign in British history.","end":{"day":8,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":2022},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":6,"month":2,"vague":false,"year":1952},"tags":["House of Windsor"],"title":"Elizabeth II","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Reign ongoing.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":true,"year":2026},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":true,"start":{"day":8,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":2022},"tags":["House of Windsor"],"title":"Charles III","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Republic governed by the Rump Parliament.","end":{"day":16,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1653},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":19,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1649},"tags":["Commonwealth"],"title":"Commonwealth of England","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"end":{"day":3,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1658},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":16,"month":12,"vague":false,"year":1653},"tags":["Commonwealth"],"title":"Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"'Tumbledown Dick' \u2014 resigned within a year.","end":{"day":25,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1659},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":3,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1658},"tags":["Commonwealth"],"title":"Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector","url":null,"url_icon":null}],"colour":null,"description":"England without a king: republic, then the Cromwells' Protectorate.","end":{"day":29,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1660},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":30,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1649},"tags":["Commonwealth"],"title":"The Interregnum","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Civil war between Stephen and the Empress Matilda: 'Christ and his saints slept'.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1153},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1138},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"The Anarchy","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"England's long struggle for the French crown \u2014 Cr\u00e9cy, Poitiers, Agincourt, and final defeat.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1453},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1337},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Hundred Years' War","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Lancaster against York for the throne of England.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1487},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1455},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Wars of the Roses","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"King against Parliament; ended at Worcester.","end":{"day":3,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1651},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":22,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1642},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"English Civil Wars","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Britain against Napoleon's France, from Trafalgar to Waterloo.","end":{"day":18,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1815},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":18,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1803},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Napoleonic Wars","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"end":{"day":11,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1918},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":28,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1914},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"First World War","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"end":{"day":2,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1945},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1939},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Second World War","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"\u00c6thelstan's great victory over the Scots and Vikings.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":true,"year":937},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Brunanburh","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Viking victory immortalised in Old English verse.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":991},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Maldon","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Harold II destroys Harald Hardrada's Norwegian army.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":25,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1066},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Stamford Bridge","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"William of Normandy defeats and kills Harold II.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":14,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1066},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Hastings","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Robert the Bruce routs Edward II's army.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":24,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1314},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Bannockburn","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The English longbow announces itself.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":26,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1346},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Cr\u00e9cy","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Henry V's outnumbered army defeats the French nobility.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":25,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1415},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Agincourt","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Fought in a snowstorm; probably the bloodiest battle on English soil.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":29,"month":3,"vague":false,"year":1461},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Towton","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Richard III falls; the Tudors take the crown.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":22,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1485},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Bosworth Field","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Storms and English fireships scatter Philip II's invasion fleet.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1588},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Defeat of the Spanish Armada","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First pitched battle of the Civil War.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":23,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1642},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Edgehill","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The New Model Army breaks the king's main field army.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":14,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1645},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Naseby","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"William III defeats the exiled James II in Ireland.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1690},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of the Boyne","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The last Jacobite rising crushed; the last pitched battle on British soil.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":16,"month":4,"vague":false,"year":1746},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Culloden","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Nelson destroys the Franco-Spanish fleet and dies doing it.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":21,"month":10,"vague":false,"year":1805},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Trafalgar","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Wellington and Bl\u00fccher end Napoleon's wars.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":18,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1815},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Waterloo","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The RAF denies the Luftwaffe the skies over southern England.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":9,"vague":true,"year":1940},"tags":["Wars & Battles"],"title":"Battle of Britain","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"American and Caribbean colonies; ends with American independence.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1783},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1583},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"First British Empire","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"India, Australia, and the scramble for Africa: 'the empire on which the sun never sets'.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1914},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1783},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Second British Empire","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Greatest territorial extent (~1920) even as the empire's foundations crack.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1947},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1914},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Wars and mandates","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"From Indian independence to the handover of Hong Kong.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1997},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1947},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Decolonisation","url":null,"url_icon":null}],"colour":null,"description":"From Newfoundland to the Hong Kong handover \u2014 the largest empire in history.","end":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1997},"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"period","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1583},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"The British Empire","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"First permanent English settlement in America.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":14,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1607},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Jamestown founded","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":null,"font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":16,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1620},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"The Mayflower sails","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"After the Indian Rebellion, the Raj replaces the East India Company.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1858},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Crown rule in India begins","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The empire's centrepiece departs; Partition follows.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":15,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1947},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Indian independence","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Conventionally the end of the British Empire.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":7,"vague":false,"year":1997},"tags":["Empire"],"title":"Hong Kong handover","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"William I's great survey of England.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1086},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Domesday Book completed","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"King John concedes that even the king is under the law.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":15,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1215},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Magna Carta sealed","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Kills perhaps half of England's population.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":true,"year":1348},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"The Black Death arrives","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Wat Tyler's rebels take London.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":6,"vague":false,"year":1381},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Peasants' Revolt","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Henry VIII breaks with Rome.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":null,"vague":false,"year":1534},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Act of Supremacy","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Guy Fawkes caught beneath the Lords.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":5,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1605},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Gunpowder Plot foiled","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"A king beheaded by his own subjects.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":30,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1649},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Execution of Charles I","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Four-fifths of the City destroyed.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":2,"month":9,"vague":false,"year":1666},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Great Fire of London","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"William of Orange lands; James II flees.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":null,"month":11,"vague":false,"year":1688},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Glorious Revolution","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"England and Scotland become the Kingdom of Great Britain.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1707},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Acts of Union","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":1,"vague":false,"year":1801},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Union with Ireland","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Slavery abolished across most of the empire.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":28,"month":8,"vague":false,"year":1833},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"Slavery Abolition Act","url":null,"url_icon":null},{"blend_with_siblings":false,"children":[],"colour":null,"description":"Victorian industry on show in the Crystal Palace.","font":null,"hidden":false,"images":[],"kind":"event","share_boundary":false,"start":{"day":1,"month":5,"vague":false,"year":1851},"tags":["Milestones"],"title":"The Great Exhibition opens","url":null,"url_icon":null}],"owner":"soverell","tags":[{"colour":"#14458A","name":"Commonwealth"},{"colour":"#10CB9C","name":"Empire"},{"colour":"#148A6D","name":"House of Denmark"},{"colour":"#FF6E1A","name":"House of Hanover"},{"colour":"#CB101A","name":"House of Lancaster"},{"colour":"#8A3F14","name":"House of Normandy"},{"colour":"#105ECB","name":"House of Plantagenet"},{"colour":"#CB107D","name":"House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"},{"colour":"#9C10CB","name":"House of Stuart"},{"colour":"#10CB3F","name":"House of Tudor"},{"colour":"#CB9310","name":"House of Wessex"},{"colour":"#1A79FF","name":"House of Windsor"},{"colour":"#F0EBA8","name":"House of York"},{"colour":"#F2C763","name":"Milestones"},{"colour":"#FF1A25","name":"Wars & Battles"}],"title":"Kings and Queens of England"}